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Greater Iran (, ''Irān-e Bozorg'', , ''Irān-Zamīn'') refers to the regions of the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, and parts of South Asia that have significant Iranian cultural influence due to having been either long historically ruled by the various Iranian (Persian) empires (such as those of the Medes, Achaemenids, Parthians, Sassanians, Samanids, Safavids, and Afsharids and the Qajar Empire),〔(【引用サイトリンク】Interview with Richard N. Frye (CNN) )〕〔Richard Nelson Frye, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Oct., 1962), pp. 261-268 http://www.jstor.org/pss/1508723 I use the term Iran in an historical context()Persia would be used for the modern state, more or less equivalent to "western Iran". I use the term "Greater Iran" to mean what I suspect most Classicists and ancient historians really mean by their use of Persia - that which was within the political boundaries of States ruled by Iranians.〕 having considerable aspects of Persian culture in their own culture due to extensive contact with the various Empires based in Persia (e.g., those regions and peoples in the North Caucasus that were not under direct Iranian rule), or are simply nowadays still inhabited by a significant amount of Iranian people who patronize their respective cultures (as it goes for the western parts of South Asia, Bahrain and China). It roughly corresponds to the territory on the Iranian plateau and its bordering plains.〔〔(Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary ). Clive Holes. 2001. Page XXX. ISBN 90-04-10763-0〕 It is also referred to as ''Greater Persia'',〔 Lange: "I further restrict the scope of this study by focusing on the lands of Iraq and greater Persia (including Khwārazm, Transoxania, and Afghanistan)."〕〔 O'Donoghue: "...all set in the greater Persia/Iran which includes Afghanistan".〕〔 Shiels: "During the Sassanid period the term ''Eranshahr'' was employed to denote the region also known as Greater Iran..." Also: "...the Abbasids, who with Persian assistance assumed the Prophet's mantle and transferred their capital to Baghdad three years later; thus, on a site close to historic Ctesiphon and even older Babylon, the caliphate was established within the bounds of Greater Persia."〕 while the Encyclopædia Iranica uses the term ''Iranian Cultural Continent''.〔(Columbia College Today:Encyclopaedia Iranica )〕 The term Iran is not limited to the modern state of Iran (Persia), but includes all the territory ruled by the Iranians, including Mesopotamia, Eastern Anatolia, all of the Caucasus and Central Asia.〔Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian, Richard Nelson Frye, The Harvard Theological Review, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Oct. , 1962), pp. 261-268 http://www.jstor.org/pss/1508723〕〔International Journal of Middle East Studies (2007), 39: pp 307-309 Copyright © 2007 Cambridge University Press http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1009412〕 The concept of Greater Iran has its source in the history of the First Persian (Achaemenid) Empire in Persis (Fars), and is in fact synonymous with the history of Iran in many respects. After the Arab conquests, Iran lost many of the territories gained under the Safavid dynasty, including Iraq to the Ottomans (via Treaty of Amasya in 1555 and Treaty of Zuhab in 1639), Afghanistan to the British (via Treaty of Paris in 1857 and MacMahon Arbitration in 1905), and all its Caucasus territories to Russia during the Russo-Persian Wars in the course of the 19th century. The Treaty of Gulistan in 1813 resulted in Iran ceding Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. The Turkmanchey Treaty of 1828, after the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) permanently severed the Caucasian provinces from Iran, which had made part of its concept for three centuries, and forced Iran to cede modern-day Armenia, Azerbaijan and minor parts of Eastern Turkey, and settled the modern boundary along the Aras River. Due to this geographic diversity, newly independent nations under Russian or British involvement, while maintaining a cultural or linguistic connection with Persia, developed their own unique socio-political and cultural paths. Some of these nations and territories included Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Georgia, Iraq, Dagestan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Afghanistan. In 1935 under the rule of Reza Shah, the endonym ''Iran'' was made the official international name. ==Etymology== The name “Irān“, meaning “land of the Aryans”, is the New Persian continuation of the old genitive plural ''aryānām'' (proto-Iranian, meaning "of the Aryans"), first attested in the Avesta as ''airyānąm'' (the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Turkmenistan and Tajikistan).〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=EASTERN IRANIAN LANGUAGES )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=IRAN )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=AVESTAN LANGUAGE I-III )〕 The proto-Iranian term ''aryānām'' is present in the term ''Airyana Vaēǰah'', the homeland of Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism, near the provinces of Sogdiana, Margiana, Bactria, etc., listed in the first chapter of the Vidēvdād.〔(Encyclopaedia Iranica: ĒRĀN-WĒZ. By D. N. MacKenzie: By late Sasanian times Ērān-wēz was taken to be in Western Iran: according to Great Bundahišn (29.12) it was “in the district (kustag) of Ādarbāygān.” But from Vendidad 1 it is clear that it has to be sought originally in eastern Iran, near the provinces of Sogdiana, Margiana, Bactria, etc., listed immediately after it. )〕〔(Encyclopaedia Iranica: ZOROASTER ii. GENERAL SURVEY. ) By W. W. Malandra: In the Avesta, the geography of the Vendīdād and of the Yashts make it clear that these texts locate themselves in eastern () Iran (Afghanistan ). Even though there are later traditions which place him in Azerbaijan and Media, it is more reasonable to locate Zoroaster somewhere in eastern () Iran (Afghanistan ) along with the rest of the Avesta. Further, the two Avestan dialects belong linguistically to eastern () Iran (Afghanistan )〕 The Avestan evidence is confirmed by Greek sources: Arianē is spoken of as being between Persia and the Indian subcontinent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD )〕 However, this is a Greek pronunciation of the name Haroyum/Haraiva (Herat), which the Greeks called 'Aria'.〔http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aria/index.htm〕 A land listed separately from the homeland of the Aryans.〔http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/location.htm〕〔http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/aryans/airyanavaeja.htm〕 While up until the end of the Parthian period in the 3rd century CE, the idea of “Irān“ had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an “Iranian“ empire or kingdom in a political sense is a purely Sasanian one. It was the result of a convergence of interests between the new dynasty and the Zoroastrian clergy, as we can deduce from the available evidence. This convergence gave rise to the idea of an Ērān-šahr “Kingdom of the Iranians,” which was “ēr“ (Middle Persian equivalent of Old Persian “ariya“ and Avestan “airya“).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Greater Iran」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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